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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes
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Hydrodynamic Efficiency and Wake Interactions in Fish School Swimming.

Haoran Huang1,2, Zhenming Yang1,2, Junkai Liu1,2

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang 524088, China.

Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Fish schooling improves swimming by optimizing spacing, with series formations showing benefits up to 41.1% speed increase via "wake capture." Parallel formations face challenges due to "channel effects" and critical spacing instabilities.

Keywords:
channel effectshydrodynamic performanceimmersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM)school swimmingwake interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Robotics
  • Biomimetics

Background:

  • Collective swimming in fish is a key area for underwater bionic robot research.
  • Understanding hydrodynamic advantages in fish schools informs robotic design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of swarm size and spacing on bionic fish performance.
  • To analyze hydrodynamic benefits and energy efficiency in series and parallel formations.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations using the Immersed Boundary-Lattice Boltzmann Method (IB-LBM).
  • Analysis of a 2D, 1-DOF autonomous propulsion bionic fish swarm.

Main Results:

  • Series formation: Optimal spacing (1.5 L–2.0 L) enhances trailing fish speed by 41.1% via wake capture.
  • Parallel formation: Critical lateral spacing (0.4 L) leads to performance degradation; central fish show weaker escape capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrodynamic benefits are linked to flow field structures and spatiotemporal dynamics.
  • Vortex dynamics provide a basis for controlling multi-fish biomimetic systems.