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Rethinking Out-of-School Tutoring: Engagement Pathways and the Uneven Impact on Students' Holistic Competencies
Hui Yan1, Han Xiao1, Jianlin Yuan1
1Institute of Educational Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
Journal of Intelligence
|April 27, 2026
Summary
Out-of-school tutoring
Area of Science:
- Education
- Child Development
- Sociology
Background:
- Out-of-school tutoring is a growing form of compensatory education.
- Its impact on students' holistic development is not well understood.
- This study examines academic, arts, and sports tutoring's effects.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between different types of out-of-school tutoring and holistic competencies.
- To explore the role of student engagement in tutoring effectiveness.
- To analyze the impact of tutoring on academic performance, health, and artistic literacy.
Main Methods:
- Survey of 704 Grade 10 students in central China.
- Self-developed Likert-scale for tutoring engagement measurement.
- Holistic competencies assessed via Comprehensive Quality Assessment records.
Main Results:
- Academic tutoring showed no significant link to academic performance or holistic competence.
- Sports tutoring positively correlated with physical and mental health.
- Arts tutoring significantly related to artistic literacy.
Conclusions:
- Tutoring effectiveness hinges on engagement quality (time, cognitive, affective), not just participation quantity.
- Different tutoring types yield varied developmental returns.
- A balanced, development-focused approach to tutoring is recommended.
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