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Using Citric-Acid-Based Anodization to Form Magnesium-Doped Carbonated Apatite-Containing Oxides on Solid and

Amisha Parekh1, Arunendu Ettuthaiyil Sambasivan1, Mikyle Paul2,3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New titanium implant coatings enhance bone integration. Citric-acid anodization incorporates bone minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, forming bioactive layers on orthopedic and dental implants for improved patient outcomes.

Keywords:
3D-printedanodizationbioactivitybonehydroxyapatiteimplantsion releasestress shieldingsurface modificationtitanium

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Materials Engineering
  • Orthopedic and Dental Implant Technology

Background:

  • Increasing global life expectancy drives demand for orthopedic and dental implants.
  • Titanium alloys are common implant materials, but enhancing their bioactivity is crucial.
  • Novel citric-acid-based anodization offers a method to create bioactive oxide layers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess citric-acid-based anodization on solid and 3D-printed titanium alloy substrates.
  • To characterize the resulting oxide layers for surface properties and composition.
  • To evaluate the bioactivity and ion release of the novel coatings.

Main Methods:

  • Citric-acid-based anodization of titanium alloy substrates (solid and 3D-printed).
  • Surface morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy.
  • Compositional analysis via energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
  • Crystalline structure determination using X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy.
  • Ion release assessment with inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy.
  • Bioactivity testing in simulated body fluid.

Main Results:

  • Anodized oxides exhibited multi-scaled surface roughness on both substrate types.
  • Significant incorporation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium bone minerals was confirmed.
  • Formation of AB-type carbonated apatite was observed on the oxide layers.
  • Sustained release of Ca, P, and Mg ions was detected.
  • Early apatite formation ability was demonstrated in simulated body fluid.

Conclusions:

  • Citric-acid-based anodization is applicable to both solid and 3D-printed titanium alloys.
  • The novel oxide coatings enhance titanium implant bioactivity by mimicking bone mineral composition.
  • These findings indicate significant potential for improved titanium implant performance in orthopedic and dental applications.