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How Bioactive Glass S53P4 Kills Bacteria.

Deeksha Rajkumar1, Adrian Stiller2, Jurian Wijnheijmer3

  • 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bioactive glass S53P4 eluates kill bacteria via membrane damage and metabolic disruption. This process involves ion release, pH changes, and silicon deposition, leading to bacterial cell death and degradation.

Keywords:
Bacillus subtilisStaphylococcus aureusantibacterial mechanismbacterial cell envelop damagebioactive glass S53P4membrane disruptionsilicon accumulationtranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bioactive glass (BAG) S53P4 is a clinically used bone substitute with known antibacterial properties.
  • The exact antibacterial mechanism of BAG S53P4 eluates remains unclear, despite associations with ion release, pH, and osmolality changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the precise biochemical and biophysical antibacterial mechanisms of BAG S53P4 eluates.
  • To elucidate the step-by-step process by which BAG eluates affect bacterial cells.

Main Methods:

  • Collection and analysis of BAG S53P4 eluates at various time points (2, 4, 8, 24 h).
  • Elemental analysis, membrane permeability assays (SYTOX), protein delocalization studies, transcriptomics, and electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) on bacteria exposed to eluates.
  • Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) to detect elemental distribution.

Main Results:

  • BAG S53P4 eluates eradicated Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, with membrane disturbances observed within 5 minutes.
  • Eluates induced rapid protein delocalization, membrane potential collapse, and metabolic disruption in B. subtilis.
  • Significant bacterial cell surface damage, cytoplasmic leakage, and silicon deposition on and within bacterial cells were observed.

Conclusions:

  • BAG S53P4 eluates kill bacteria through a multi-step mechanism initiated by membrane damage and ionic imbalance.
  • The process involves metabolic impairment, protein delocalization, and culminates in cell wall degradation and silicon accumulation within bacterial remnants.
  • Understanding this mechanism clarifies the antibacterial action of bioactive glasses for bone regeneration applications.