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Embolic Transport in LVAD Outflow: An Experimental Study Using Patient-Specific and Idealized Aortic Models.

Hamid Mansouri1, Muaz Kemerli1,2, Robroy MacIver3

  • 1Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|April 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study investigated how particles travel in left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). Particle distribution closely followed blood flow splits, regardless of particle size or flow conditions, challenging previous assumptions.

Keywords:
Idealized aortic modelLVADPIV/PTVParticle fatePatient-specific aortic model

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Cardiovascular Science

Background:

  • Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) support advanced heart failure patients but pose stroke risks due to potential emboli.
  • Previous numerical simulations of embolus transport in LVADs lack consistent results.
  • An experimental framework is needed to systematically measure particle transport in LVADs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate particle transport within LVAD systems and aortic models.
  • To assess emboli fate and distribution under physiological flow conditions.
  • To challenge existing assumptions regarding particle behavior in LVADs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a refractive-index-matched time-resolved particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) system.
  • Employed particle image velocimetry (PIV) for flow measurements.
  • 3D-printed aortic models and used neutrally buoyant fluorescent beads to simulate emboli in a flow loop.

Main Results:

  • Particle distribution in LVAD models primarily followed the branchwise flow split.
  • This distribution was largely independent of the Stokes numbers and Reynolds numbers tested.
  • Experimental findings partially contradict common assumptions in LVAD embolus transport studies.

Conclusions:

  • Particle transport in LVAD systems is predominantly governed by flow division.
  • The study provides crucial experimental data for understanding stroke risk in LVAD patients.
  • This research establishes a foundation for refining LVAD design and improving patient outcomes.