Assessment of cytotoxicity and genomic instability induced by coal-derived nanoparticles in V79 and HaCaT Cells

Coal is a major global energy resource, but its extraction raises significant environmental and health concerns. Mining activities release large amounts of particulate matter, including nanoparticles (NPs), into the environment. These NPs are hazardous due to their content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, oxides, and other compounds capable of disrupting cellular and molecular processes. This study evaluated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of coal-derived NPs on V79 and HaCaT cell lines, focusing on their impact on DNA stability and the mechanisms responsible for cellular damage. NPs were isolated using an acid-based separation method and applied to cells at concentrations of 50, 150, and 300 μg/mL. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided topographical characterization, while dynamic light scattering (DLS) confirmed their tendency to agglomerate. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) confirmed NP morphology and elemental composition, including carbon, oxygen, iron, calcium, silicon, aluminum, and copper. Cytotoxicity was assessed using resazurin and sulforhodamine B assays, and genotoxicity was evaluated using the comet assay, micronucleus test, and γH2AX immunostaining. Results showed a clear dose-dependent effect, with coal NPs inducing genomic instability and increased cell mortality, mainly through apoptosis. These findings highlight the importance of characterizing coal-derived NPs to better assess their environmental and health risks, particularly regarding respiratory diseases.