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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Concrete exhibits specific behaviors under different compressive loads. Understanding this is crucial for understanding its structural integrity. When concrete undergoes uniaxial compression, it tends to develop cracks that run parallel to the direction of the force. These parallel cracks stem from localized tensile stresses that occur perpendicular to the compression direction. Additionally, angled cracks may appear due to the formation of shear planes.
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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Visualization of Failure and the Associated Grain-Scale Mechanical Behavior of Granular Soils under Shear using Synchrotron X-Ray Micro-Tomography
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Structural aging of a cohesive and amorphous granular solid under cyclic loading.

William Hobson-Rhoades1, Douglas J Durian2, Yue Fan1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. hongyix@umich.edu.

Soft Matter
|April 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyclic loading ages granular rafts at air-oil interfaces, increasing packing fraction and structural heterogeneity. Aged rafts exhibit enhanced strength and stiffness but reduced ductility compared to non-aged rafts.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics of granular materials
  • Soft matter physics
  • Interface phenomena

Background:

  • Granular rafts at fluid interfaces exhibit cohesive behavior due to capillary forces.
  • Particle packing and structural evolution are key to understanding material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of cyclic loading on the structure and deformation of cohesive granular rafts.
  • To characterize the aging process and its impact on mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Uniaxial cyclic loading with small strain amplitude was applied to granular rafts.
  • Quasi-static tension and compression tests were performed to assess mechanical behavior until failure.
  • Analysis of packing fraction and structural heterogeneity changes over time.

Main Results:

  • Cyclic loading induced an aging process, marked by logarithmically increasing packing fraction and decreasing structural heterogeneity.
  • Particle dynamics were observed to organize around evolving voids within the raft structure.
  • Aged rafts demonstrated increased strength and stiffness, with reduced ductility and a stress overshoot phenomenon.

Conclusions:

  • Cyclic loading significantly alters the microstructure and mechanical response of granular rafts.
  • The observed aging mechanism enhances raft strength and stiffness, offering insights into the design of interfacial granular materials.