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Beyond Contrast Transfer: Spectral SNR as a Finite-Dose Metric for STEM Phase Retrieval.

Georgios Varnavides1,2, Julie Marie Bekkevold3, Stephanie M Ribet2

  • 1Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California Berkeley, Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Microscopy and Microanalysis : the Official Journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada
|April 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The spectral signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) offers a more accurate evaluation of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) phase retrieval than the contrast transfer function (CTF). SSNR reveals dose-dependent performance, unlike the CTF, especially for iterative ptychography.

Keywords:
STEM phase retrievalcontrast transfer functiondose efficiencyspectral signal-to-noise ratio

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Area of Science:

  • Electron microscopy
  • Image processing
  • Quantum optics

Background:

  • Contrast transfer function (CTF) is standard for evaluating scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) phase retrieval.
  • CTF overestimates performance by ignoring finite electron dose and Poisson noise.
  • Accurate performance metrics are crucial, especially in low-dose imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce spectral signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) as a finite-dose metric for STEM phase retrieval.
  • Compare SSNR performance against CTF for various phase retrieval methods.
  • Evaluate the dose dependence of iterative ptychography.

Main Methods:

  • Employed SSNR, a finite-dose statistical framework, to assess recoverable signal versus spatial frequency.
  • Utilized numerical reconstructions of white-noise objects for analysis.
  • Derived close-form analytic expressions for dose-independent SSNRs.

Main Results:

  • Center-of-mass, parallax, and direct ptychography showed dose-independent SSNRs.
  • Iterative ptychography demonstrated dose-dependent SSNR, converging to direct ptychography at low fluence.
  • At high fluence, iterative ptychography's SSNR approached quantum Fisher information bounds.

Conclusions:

  • CTF significantly overestimates practical performance in STEM phase retrieval, particularly at low doses.
  • SSNR provides a more accurate, finite-dose metric for evaluating STEM phase retrieval methods.
  • Iterative ptychography's performance is dose-dependent, highlighting the need for SSNR evaluation.