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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Energy-Transfer-Modulated Structural Evolution during Lithium-Sodium Ion Exchange in Layered Oxide Cathodes.

Pengxiang Ji1,2, Lin Zhang3, Lu Gan4

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

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|April 29, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding ion-exchange pathways is key for developing advanced cathode materials. This study reveals how ball milling and ultrasonication affect ion exchange kinetics and structure, enabling efficient synthesis of high-performance sodium-ion battery cathodes.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Ion exchange is crucial for synthesizing metastable layered oxides for energy storage.
  • Current understanding of how synthesis pathways influence ion exchange kinetics and material properties is limited.
  • Developing efficient and structure-preserving synthesis methods for layered oxides is essential for advancing battery technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct ion-exchange mechanisms induced by solid-state ball milling and liquid-phase ultrasonication.
  • To elucidate the relationship between synthesis pathways, ion exchange kinetics, structural evolution, and electrochemical performance.
  • To establish a rational design framework for efficient, structure-preserving synthesis of layered oxide cathodes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Na0.6Li0.2Mn0.8O2 (P2-type) as a model system for sodium-ion battery cathodes.
  • Employed solid-state ball milling and liquid-phase ultrasonication as distinct ion-exchange methods.
  • Applied atomic-scale imaging techniques to analyze structural evolution and interlayer slip dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Ball milling induced rapid, defect-mediated exchange and a stress-activated superstructure transition.
  • Ultrasonication resulted in kinetically limited exchange with intralayer disorder via a phonon-like mechanism.
  • A sequential ball milling-ultrasonication process achieved 98.3% exchange in 2 hours, preserving structural integrity.
  • Postannealing yielded a cathode with a reversible capacity of 235 mAh/g.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct energy-transfer modes in ball milling and ultrasonication lead to fundamentally different ion-exchange behaviors and structural evolution.
  • Mechanistic insights enabled the development of an efficient, structure-preserving sequential synthesis process.
  • This work provides general principles for ion-exchange chemistry in solid oxides and a framework for rational cathode design.