Recent Advances in Laccase-Based Nanobiocatalysts for Sustainable Bioremediation Applications

Laccases are the most common multicopper oxidase (EC 1.10.3.2); as a result, they have attracted great interest as natural cleaners for environmental bioremediation purposes. However, the fragile structure and low recyclability of laccases, along with their high price, are constraints in practical applications. Enzyme immobilization has been identified as one of the best strategies to circumvent these problems and the application of nanomaterials for enzyme immobilization has resulted in nanobiocatalysts (NBCs). Nanomaterials have great advantages for the immobilization of enzymes attributed to their special chemical and physical properties, including large specific surface area, tunable pore size, and strong solid mechanical stability. With better stability, efficacy and specificity, these nano-engineered systems have been very successful in the treatment of a variety of pollutants ranging from persistent organic pollutants and emerging contaminations to industrial waste. Herein, we give an updated review of the most recent advances in laccase-based NBCs, with a particular focus on new strategies for nanomaterial functionalization and laccase enzyme immobilization. Additionally, this review aims to gather information about laccase's sources, mechanisms of action, substrates, and mediators, providing a useful point of reference. This review also compiles numerous recent discoveries about the biology of laccase and its applications as a nanobiocatalyst and provides a concise synopsis that aids researchers in comprehending its possibilities. It also emphasizes the possible use of laccase-based NBCs for bioremediation, especially in dealing with emerging pollutants (EPs) like antibiotics, pharmaceutical residues, textile effluents, and other xenobiotics.