Extraction and Mass Spectrometry Detection of Cannabinoids in Clinical Samples

The legalization of cannabis products across many states in the USA has sparked a surge of interest within the scientific and medical communities, prompting researchers to investigate the pharmacological and mechanistic properties of the numerous bioactive compounds found in cannabis. Among these, cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), have garnered particular attention due to their potential therapeutic effects and psychoactive properties. A foundational step in understanding the behavior and impact of these compounds involves their accurate identification and quantification, which hinges on the effectiveness of various detection techniques. However, before these methods can be employed, cannabinoids must be isolated from complex biological matrices, such as blood, urine, or tissue, using precise extraction protocols that preserve compound integrity and minimize degradation. This analytical review not only provides a detailed overview of the extraction procedures used to isolate cannabinoids from biological samples but also explores the principles, advantages, and limitations of common detection techniques. Special focus is placed on chromatographic methods, such as gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), which are frequently coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), as well as on immunoassay-based approaches that offer rapid, cost-effective screening options. The review aims to highlight the evolving landscape of analytical methodologies in cannabinoid research, especially considering growing clinical, forensic, and regulatory interests.