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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Proteomics01:33

Proteomics

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A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins
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Developing a proteomic approach through structural characterization of bacteriophage K.

Behlis Onder1, Berna Erdogdu2, Sefik Onder3

  • 1Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Istanbul, Turkey.

Bioorganic Chemistry
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Advanced analytical methods precisely characterized Staphylococcus phage K, revealing its structural proteins and post-translational modifications. This research supports phage therapy development against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Keywords:
Bacteriophage KCapillary isoelectric focusingPeptide mappingStaphylococcus aureusWeak anion exchange chromatography

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance necessitates alternative therapies like phage therapy.
  • Comprehensive characterization of bacteriophages is crucial for assessing their therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To perform detailed analytical characterization of Staphylococcus phage K.
  • To elucidate phage structural attributes, heterogeneity, and purity using advanced techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) for charge heterogeneity and particle analysis.
  • Weak anion exchange chromatography (WAX) for capsid variant separation.
  • LC-QTOF-MS-based proteomics for protein identification and post-translational modification (PTM) analysis.

Main Results:

  • cIEF distinguished empty from genome-filled phage particles.
  • WAX separated capsid variants, and proteomics identified 11 structural/functional proteins.
  • Multiple PTMs (phosphorylation, acetylation, etc.) were detected on phage proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced analytical platforms provide precise characterization of bacteriophages.
  • These methods are valuable for evaluating new and existing phages for biotechnological applications.
  • Understanding phage protein modifications is key for optimizing phage therapy strategies.