Fluorescent chromophores in anticancer therapy: Mechanisms and advances

Fluorescent Chromophore compounds are characterized by their unique light-absorbing properties. They have emerged as promising candidates in anticancer research due to their ability to interact with cellular components through photodynamic, photothermal, and other therapeutic mechanisms. Recent advancements in synthetic chromophore compounds, such as Coumarin, Fluorescein, Quinoline, and Rhodamine have demonstrated significant anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and disrupting tumor vasculature. The integration of chromophores with nanotechnology and targeted drug delivery systems has enhanced their therapeutic efficacy and selectivity, minimizing side effects. Moreover, their role in photoactivation has opened avenues for non-invasive cancer treatments. Despite these advances, challenges such as drug resistance, limited bioavailability, and potential toxicity need to be addressed. This review summarizes recent developments in fluorescent chromophore-based anticancer therapies, highlighting their mechanisms and potential in combination strategies, while addressing future directions for overcoming current limitations in clinical applications.