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Temporal trends of vaccination coverage in children under five in Brazil, 1998-2024

Cesar Augusto Pascali Rago1, Maykon Anderson Pires de Novais2, Paola Zucchi3

  • 1Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil. rago@unifesp.br.

BMC Public Health
|May 1, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Childhood vaccination coverage in Brazil shows concerning trends, with most vaccines falling below national targets. Urgent interventions are needed to improve immunization rates and protect children from preventable diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Immunization Programs

Background:

  • Vaccination coverage is crucial for preventing diseases, yet 25 million children globally have incomplete schedules.
  • Brazil faces a significant challenge with a large number of unvaccinated children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze time-series trends of vaccination coverage for 12 childhood vaccines in Brazil.
  • To assess coverage between 1998 and 2024 for children under five.

Main Methods:

  • Ecological time-series study design.
  • Utilized official data from the Brazilian National Immunization Program information system.
  • Employed simple linear regression models for temporal trend analysis.

Main Results:

  • Yellow fever vaccine showed an increasing trend but remained below the target.
  • BCG vaccine exhibited a significant decreasing temporal trend.
  • Trends for ten other vaccines lacked statistical significance.

Conclusions:

  • Eleven of the 12 vaccines studied are below the Ministry of Health's target coverage.
  • Urgent public health measures are required to address low vaccination coverage.
  • Improving immunization rates is critical for child health in Brazil.
Abstract

Keywords:
Brazilian National Immunization ProgramNational Child Vaccination CalendarTrend analysisVaccination coverage

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