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How the Gender Dimension of One Health Helps Combat Outbreaks of Emerging and Reemerging Zoonotic Diseases: Case
Sara Savic1, Brigitte Bagnol1, Fiona M Tomley1
1Sara Savic, PhD, DVM, is Senior Researcher and Head of Laboratory, Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad," Novi Sad, Serbia. Brigitte Bagnol, PhD, is a Consultant, Prospective and Cooperation, Marseille, France. Fiona M. Tomley, PhD, is a Professor of Experimental Parasitology, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom. Naheeda Hamza, PhD, is a Fellow, Centre for Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Norway, and a Tutor, Centre for Ethics, Yenepoya University, India. Lina Gazu, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Social and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. Marjan Leneman, DVM, is an International One Health and Food Systems Expert and Social Scientist, Diversity Focus, Netherlands. Robyn G. Alders, BSc(Vet), BVSc, PhD, is an Honorary Professor, Development Policy Centre, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia, and a Member of the Lancet Commission on the Prevention of Viral Spillover. Norma Rocio Forero-Muñoz, DVM, MSc, is a PhD Candidate, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. Valeriia Yustyniuk, DVM, MS, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Associate, Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Fatou Ndoye is a PhD Student, Institute of Health and Development, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal, and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Verónica Ormea, DMV, MSc, is a Professor, Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Peruvian University of Applied Sciences, Lima, Peru. Amelia Ramadhani Anshar, DVM, MSc, is a Lecturer, Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Hasanuddin University - Indonesia, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Angela Adhiambo Opondoh, MA, is a PhD Candidate, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Charity Wiafe Akenten, PhD, is a Microbiologist/Project Coordinator, One Health Bacteriology, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Elicana Nduhuura, MBChC, is a Medical Officer, Makerere University Lung Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Uganda. Patricia Nabisubi, PhD, is a Student Fellow, The African Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, and The Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Krupali Patel is a PhD Student and Lecturer, One Health Graduate School, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany, and Jindal School of Public Health and Human Development, O.P. Jindal Global University, India. Séverine Thys, MA, MSc, PhD, is a Health Anthropologist Researcher, CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Vientiane, Lao PDR. Evan F. Griffith, PhD, DVM, MPH, MS, was a PhD Candidate, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, NJ. Sumana Goli, MS, is Research Analyst, One Health Trust, Washington, DC, USA. Sivaramyapragathi R.S., BHMS, MD (Hom.), DYoga, is a Senior Research Fellow, National Homoeopathy Research Institute in Mental Health, Kottayam, Kerala, under the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, India. Marianne Rouseau is an Internship Student, CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France. Gabrielle Laing, BVSc PhD MRCVS, is NEOH Chair and One Health Senior Policy Adviser, Unlimit Health, Edinburgh House, London, United Kingdom. Julie N. Garnier, DVM, is Co-Founder and President, Odyssey Conservation Trust, Bakewelt, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
When outbreaks of emerging and reemerging zoonotic diseases are discussed, little attention is paid to differential gender impacts, or to gender involvement and roles in different settings during the outbreak. Gender roles shape how individuals' interactions with animals, wildlife, other people and the environment, which influences exposure to zoonotic pathogens. For example, in some rural communities, men may face risks of exposure to emerging pathogens during hunting whilst women who primarily take care of domestic animals may face prolonged exposure to other zoonotic diseases. In some settings, women (and men) lack access to health protection, education or communication with health officials (medical doctors or veterinarians). In some cultures, women are not allowed to speak directly with male service providers, further limiting their access to critical information and services. One Health is a holistic, inclusive approach which should be incorporating a gender lens when considering zoonoses. This includes thinking about the need to create appropriate gender sensitive policies that address disparities in surveillance, response, prevention, detection, and control of the disease (or health issue) being addressed. In this paper, we highlight these issues through several case studies that demonstrate the importance of including gender in zoonotic disease response and, ideally, when implementing prevention measures.
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