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Modeling cerebrovascular dynamics during transitions in exercise intensity.

Eric T Hedge1,2,3, Richard L Hughson3

  • 1Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|May 1, 2026
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Summary

Dynamic modeling of cerebral blood flow during exercise transitions offers insights into cerebrovascular health. This review explores modeling approaches to understand the complex physiological responses during exercise intensity changes.

Keywords:
brain blood flowexercisekineticsmiddle cerebral artery blood velocitytranscranial Doppler ultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is tightly regulated by physiological mechanisms.
  • Exercise intensity influences factors affecting CBF, creating complex interactions.
  • Traditional research focused on steady-state exercise, but dynamic responses are gaining interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review dynamic modeling approaches for cerebrovascular responses during exercise transitions.
  • To discuss key considerations for modeling these dynamic responses.
  • To offer perspectives for future research in this area.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of various modeling techniques applied to cerebrovascular kinetics during exercise.
  • Discussion of factors influencing dynamic CBF adjustments, including arterial pressure, CO2, and autonomic activity.
  • Analysis of the integrative nature of the exercise response impacting CBF.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic modeling provides novel insights into cerebrovascular health and function.
  • Understanding dynamic adjustments reveals the integrity of the controlling system.
  • Disentangling individual factors in the dynamic CBF response remains complex.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic modeling is a valuable tool for studying cerebrovascular regulation during exercise.
  • Future modeling efforts should consider the integrative physiological response to exercise.
  • This review provides a framework for advancing research on dynamic CBF during exercise transitions.