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Surface Passivated Nanocarbon Generates a Phase-Separated Hydrogel Meshwork for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering.

Niranjan Chatterjee¹, Urvashi Pandita¹, Santosh Kumar Misra^1,2,3

¹Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering

|May 1, 2026

Summary

Smartly passivated carbon nanoparticles (smapCNPs) create a novel hydrogel network for muscle tissue engineering. This new material supports cell growth and differentiation, offering an alternative to traditional salt ions.

Keywords:

PNIPAM hydrogel carbon nanoparticles hypokalemia skeletal muscles tissue engineering

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Last Updated: May 3, 2026

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Published on: February 28, 2020

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Assessing Functional Metrics of Skeletal Muscle Health in Human Skeletal Muscle Microtissues

Assessing Functional Metrics of Skeletal Muscle Health in Human Skeletal Muscle Microtissues

Published on: February 18, 2021

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Tissue Engineering

Background:

Controlling polymeric network orientation is crucial for advanced hydrogel-based tissue engineering.
Existing methods often rely on extracellular salts, which can have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of smartly passivated carbon nanoparticles (smapCNPs) in forming hydrogel networks.
To explore an alternative to salt ions for creating functional hydrogel platforms for muscle tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of PNIPAM hydrogels incorporating smapCNPs.
Morphological analysis of the resulting phase-separated-meshwork (PhaseDMesh).
Assessment of myoblast attachment, growth, and differentiation on the PhaseDMesh under simulated salt-imbalanced conditions.

Main Results:

smapCNPs induced the formation of a temporally efficient PhaseDMesh.
The PhaseDMesh morphology differed from salt-induced networks (NaCl, KCl).
The PhaseDMesh effectively supported myoblast functions, including attachment, growth, and differentiation.

Conclusions:

smapCNPs offer a novel approach to controlling hydrogel network formation.
PhaseDMesh generated by smapCNPs is a viable alternative to salt ions for muscle tissue engineering.
This study presents a promising strategy for developing advanced biomaterials for regenerative medicine.