Triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Gypsophila perfoliata L

Eleven previously undescribed triterpenoid saponins (19, 22, 27, 38-41 and 47-50) were isolated from the roots of Gypsophila perfoliata L. (Caryophyllaceae), together with four known saponins. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive NMR spectroscopic analyses (¹H, ¹³C NMR, COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC), complemented by HR-ESI-MS and ESI-MSⁿ data. In addition, UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS profiling of the hydroethanolic root extract (GPR) enabled the annotation of 53 GOTCAB-type saponins, including nine monodesmosides bearing a hydroxymethylglutaryl group within the С-28 oligosaccharide chain. The isolated saponins correspond to annotated compounds 1, 2, 19, 22, 27, 29, 30, 38-41 and 47-50. The oligosaccharide moiety attached to C-28 is further substituted with acetyl and (or) methoxycinnamoyl groups. This distinctive saponin profile, characterized by a high diversity of acetylated and/or methoxycinnamoylated GOTCAB structures, highlights the Gypsophila genus as a rich source of highly glycosylated triterpenoid saponins.