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3,5-Dinitrobenzoic Acid Enables Stable and Efficient HTL-Free MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells.

Saravanan Subramani1, Govindaraj Rajamanickam1, Chauhan Anil Kumar2,3,4

  • 1Department of Physics, SSN Research Centre, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai-603110, Tamil Nadu, India.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|May 3, 2026
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Summary

Organic compound 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (DNBZ) effectively reduces defects in perovskite solar cells, enhancing efficiency and moisture stability. This additive improves perovskite film quality, leading to more durable and high-performing solar devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Hybrid perovskite solar cells (CPSCs) offer high efficiency and low-cost processing.
  • Surface defects at perovskite grain boundaries limit device performance and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (DNBZ) as an additive to improve perovskite film quality and device performance.
  • To enhance the efficiency and long-term stability of hybrid perovskite solar cells.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of DNBZ as an additive into the perovskite precursor solution.
  • Characterization of perovskite films and solar cell devices.
  • Evaluation of device efficiency, stability, and film quality.

Main Results:

  • DNBZ effectively passivates uncoordinated lead ions (Pb2+), reducing film defects and nonradiative recombination.
  • Hydrophobic properties of DNBZ improve the moisture stability of the solar cells.
  • Power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased from 8.36% to 10.11% in DNBZ-treated devices.
  • DNBZ-treated devices retained 87% of their initial PCE after 22 days, demonstrating improved durability.

Conclusions:

  • DNBZ is a promising additive for enhancing the efficiency, stability, and quality of perovskite films in solar cells.
  • This straightforward method offers a pathway to fabricate inexpensive, highly efficient, and durable CPSCs.