Arbitrary geometry electromagnetic spatiotemporal vortices from phase velocity shearing

In fluids, vortices form at boundaries between flows of different velocities. Here, we show that pulsed electromagnetic waves form spatiotemporal vortices when light straddles media of different phase velocities. When the resulting relative time-delay is on the order of the pulse duration of light, spatiotemporal optical vortices (STOVs) are formed. This method allows generating arbitrary geometry spatiotemporal vortices. We provide experimental results showing THz frequency light can be encoded with arbitrary spatiotemporal vortex geometries using simple planar fused filament prints made from a commercial 3D printer. We provide several demonstrations of unique geometries, including squares, triangles, ring arrays, and arbitrary curves that cannot be generated with existing techniques. We also show that multiple ring and line vortices can be formed simultaneously, which undergo complex reconnections with propagation. While demonstrated at THz frequencies, this concept is directly applicable to visible and infrared light and our theory offers a way for optimizing STOVs for the frequency range and pulse duration of a given light source. This technique provides a practical and straight-forward method to generate arbitrary electromagnetic spatiotemporal vortices and enables production of complex spatiotemporal phenomena like vortex reconnections.