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Ultra-low-frequency fiber optic hydrophone array based on push-pull unbalanced Michelson interferometers.

Linyuan Li, Zhifeng Zheng, Jiadi Hu

    Optics Express
    |May 4, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents a novel time-division multiplexed fiber optic hydrophone array for ultra-low-frequency underwater acoustic monitoring. The developed array offers high sensitivity, stability, and low noise, overcoming challenges in large-scale deployments.

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    Area of Science:

    • Acoustics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • High-sensitivity detection of ultra-low-frequency (ULF) signals is crucial for underwater acoustic monitoring.
    • Scaling ULF hydrophone arrays faces performance degradation challenges.
    • Existing technologies struggle with integration and stability in large-scale ULF monitoring.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a time-division multiplexed (TDM) ULF fiber optic hydrophone array architecture.
    • To overcome performance degradation and integration challenges in large-scale ULF hydrophone arrays.
    • To achieve high-sensitivity, stable, and low-noise ULF signal detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Integration of a push-pull sensing structure for enhanced low-frequency response.
    • Implementation of an external triggering synchronization mechanism for precise demultiplexing and reduced timing jitter.
    • Application of the phase-generated carrier differential-cross-multiplication (PGC-DCM) algorithm for stable synchronous demodulation.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated high element-to-element consistency (±0.35 dB amplitude standard deviation).
    • Achieved exceptional long-term stability (<0.043 rad phase fluctuation over 12 hours).
    • Exhibited a flat frequency response (1 Hz–2 kHz) with high sensitivity (-134.61 dB re rad/μPa) and low equivalent noise pressure (ENP) at 10 Hz (1.17 mPa/√Hz).

    Conclusions:

    • The developed TDM ULF fiber optic hydrophone array effectively addresses integration challenges for large-scale applications.
    • The array's performance, including sensitivity, stability, and low noise, is suitable for advanced underwater acoustic monitoring.
    • This scheme provides a viable technical pathway for practical, high-performance ULF fiber optic hydrophone systems.