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Overlapping multimode interference couplers as a building block for folded interferometric circuits.

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    Researchers combined multiple multimode interference couplers (MMIs) into one device. This integrated device reduces power loss and improves performance in optical modulators.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Integrated optics
    • Optical devices

    Background:

    • Standard multimode interference couplers (MMIs) rely on input/output symmetry for splitting.
    • Spatial overlap of multiple MMI functions within a single cavity is challenging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate spatial overlapping of independent MMI functions.
    • To design and experimentally validate a combined MMI (Co-MMI) device.
    • To apply the Co-MMI in a Mach-Zehnder modulator for improved performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Designing a 4x4 Co-MMI on an Indium Phosphide (InP) platform.
    • Integrating two 50/50 splitters within a single multimode cavity.
    • Implementing the Co-MMI in a double-pass Mach-Zehnder modulator configuration.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved low imbalance and low leakage in the Co-MMI.
    • Demonstrated successful spatial overlap of two 50/50 MMI splitters.
    • Obtained over 50% reduction in Vπ (half-wave voltage) for the modulator.
    • Improved the extinction ratio of the Mach-Zehnder modulator.

    Conclusions:

    • Spatial overlapping of MMI functions is feasible.
    • The Co-MMI offers a compact and efficient solution for integrated photonic circuits.
    • The Co-MMI enhances the performance of Mach-Zehnder modulators.