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Models for Training in Pediatric Otologic Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Elena Carlotto1,2, Serena Cirillo1,2, Stefania Marconi3

  • 1Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 4, 2026
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This summary is machine-generated.

Simulation models using 3D printing and virtual reality offer accurate and ethical training for pediatric otologic surgery skills. These tools are valuable for early-stage surgical education before patient contact.

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Simulation
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Pediatric temporal bone surgery presents unique challenges due to anatomical differences and proximity of vital structures.
  • Limited availability of traditional training resources necessitates advanced simulation methods.
  • Simulation-based training is gaining traction for pediatric otologic surgery education.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and evaluate existing simulation models for pediatric otologic surgery.
  • Assess the anatomical accuracy, educational effectiveness, and evidence supporting these models.
  • Identify suitable simulation tools for training pediatric otologic surgeons.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines across major databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane).
Keywords:
3D printingpediatric otologysurgical simulationsurgical trainingtemporal bonevirtual realityvirtual reality surgical simulation

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  • Inclusion of studies on 3D printed (3DP) models, virtual reality (VR), cadavers, and animal models for pediatric otologic surgery.
  • Focus on studies with educational outcomes and pediatric relevance.

    • Main Results:

    • Thirteen studies met criteria: nine on 3DP models, four on VR; no cadaver or animal studies identified.
    • 3DP models demonstrated high anatomical accuracy, validated against CT scans, and offered educational benefits.
    • VR systems facilitated anatomical tasks and guided simulations, though most studies were feasibility-focused.

    Conclusions:

    • 3D printed and VR simulation models provide ethical and accurate methods for pediatric otologic surgical skill acquisition.
    • These simulation tools are suitable for foundational training in a multimodal approach before clinical practice.
    • Further research may explore broader applications and validation of these advanced training modalities.