Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Retarders

Retarders

Retarders are chemical admixtures designed to extend the setting time, which is especially useful when there is a delay in sequential concrete pours to prevent cold joints and to achieve a cohesive structure. Retarders, when used in appropriate amounts, can also enhance the architectural appearance of exposed aggregate finishes.
The function of retarders is to delay the setting of concrete, and this effect can be measured using a penetration test. The retardation process involves adding...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The Properties of Concrete Utilizing Partial Aggregate Replacement with Locally Sourced Mediterranean Agro-Waste.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Patterns of Biflavonoid Accumulation in Ginkgo (<i>Ginkgo biloba</i> L.) Leaves from 90 Trees and Their Variation with Age, Gender, and Location.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

On the Road to Salt Liberation: The Effect of Including Oyster Mushrooms and Sylvinite on the Quality of Traditional Beef Patties.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Dimerized Power: The Antimicrobial and Antiviral Promise of Biflavonoids.

Biomolecules·2026

Same author

Methodological Advances in Transcriptomics and Metabolomics for Assessing Crop Stress Resilience.

Physiologia plantarum·2025

Same author

Valorization of Brewer's Spent Grain Liquid Fraction for the Development of a Pasteurized Strawberry-Based Blend Juice.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Published on: January 7, 2019

Asphalt Binder Modification with Hazelnut and Walnut Shells as Valued Antioxidant Sources: Effects on Rheological and

Carlos Manterola-Barroso^1,2,3,4, Karina Godoy-Sánchez², Erick Scheuermann^2,5

¹Doctoral Program in Science of Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 4, 2026

Summary

Walnut and hazelnut shells act as sustainable antioxidants to slow asphalt aging. While effective at reducing long-term degradation, high concentrations may impact high-temperature performance, requiring further optimization.

Keywords:

antioxidant modification asphalt binder nutshell phenolics oxidative aging

More Related Videos

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

Published on: October 21, 2016

Advanced Self-Healing Asphalt Reinforced by Graphene Structures: An Atomistic Insight

Advanced Self-Healing Asphalt Reinforced by Graphene Structures: An Atomistic Insight

Published on: May 31, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Published on: January 7, 2019

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

Published on: October 21, 2016

Advanced Self-Healing Asphalt Reinforced by Graphene Structures: An Atomistic Insight

Advanced Self-Healing Asphalt Reinforced by Graphene Structures: An Atomistic Insight

Published on: May 31, 2022

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Sustainable Engineering
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Asphalt pavement degradation is accelerated by oxidative aging, leading to structural failures.
Sustainable additives are needed to mitigate asphalt binder aging and extend pavement life.
Agricultural waste, like nutshells, offers a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate hazelnut shell (HS) and walnut shell (WS) powders as sustainable antioxidants for asphalt binders.
To assess the impact of these bio-based additives on the thermo-oxidative aging resistance of asphalt.
To determine the optimal concentration and potential limitations of nutshell-derived antioxidants.

Main Methods:

Antioxidant potential was assessed using Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and Total Phenolic Content (TPC).
Asphalt binders were modified with 0-3% HS and WS powders and subjected to Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) and Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) aging.
Aging effects were evaluated using Fraass fragility, Relative Aging Index (RAI), dynamic shear rheometry (G*/sin δ), and Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR).

Main Results:

Walnut shells (WS) showed higher antioxidant capacity and TPC than hazelnut shells (HS).
3% WS and HS treatments effectively reduced long-term aging (RAI by 14%) and improved low-temperature flexibility (Fraass point by 3.8 °C).
Higher additive concentrations caused plasticizing effects, reducing elastic recovery and increasing non-recoverable compliance, impacting rutting resistance.

Conclusions:

Nutshell-derived phenolic modifiers offer concentration-dependent antioxidant protection against asphalt aging.
Practical application necessitates optimization, potentially through targeted extraction, particle engineering, or co-modification.
Balancing improved aging resistance with high-temperature stability is crucial for sustainable biomodification of asphalt.