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Artificial intelligence (AI) is fundamentally a relationship where technology performs human cognitive labor. Understanding this sociotechnical dynamic is key to centering humans in AI development.

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artificial intelligenceartificial neural networkcognitioncognitive labourcognitive sciencehuman-centred AIsociotechnical relationshiptechnology

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Sociotechnical Systems

Background:

  • Human-centered artificial intelligence (AI) is often defined by focusing on human behavior and experience.
  • However, AI inherently involves a relationship between humans and technology, where artifacts perform human cognitive labor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To redefine artificial intelligence (AI) as a sociotechnical relationship.
  • To analyze how AI displaces, enhances, or replaces human cognitive labor.
  • To argue that obfuscating cognition in AI hinders genuine human-centered design.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing historical and contemporary examples to illustrate the interplay between technology and cognition (e.g., abacus vs. mental arithmetic, alarm clock vs. knocker-upper).
  • Developing novel definitions and analyses for sociotechnical relationships.
  • Examining the impact of AI on human cognitive labor through displacement, enhancement, and replacement frameworks.

Main Results:

  • AI is fundamentally a sociotechnical relationship where technology performs human cognitive labor.
  • Sociotechnical relationships involving AI can be categorized as displacement (harmful), enhancement (beneficial), or replacement (neutral) of human cognitive labor.
  • Obscuring the cognitive aspects of AI leads to distorted understanding, slowed critical engagement, and limitations in human-centered AI engineering.

Conclusions:

  • All AI systems inherently involve human cognition.
  • A clear understanding of the cognitive labor performed by AI is essential for effective human-centered design.
  • De-emphasizing the cognitive dimension of AI, from simple clocks to complex artificial neural networks, impedes our ability to truly center humans and humanity in AI development.