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A K-Band Four-Channel Beamformer with Temperature Compensation Based on 65 nm CMOS Process.

Cetian Wang1,2, Yanning Liu2, Xuejie Liao2

  • 1School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China.

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Summary

This study introduces a K-band phased array beamformer with temperature compensation for 5G and satellite communications. The compact, low-power design demonstrates stable performance across a wide temperature range, crucial for reliable wireless systems.

Keywords:
65 nm CMOSK-bandactive phased arraybeamformerroot mean square

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Microwave Engineering
  • Semiconductor Device Physics

Background:

  • Phased array beamformers are critical for modern wireless communication systems, enabling directional signal transmission and reception.
  • Temperature variations can significantly impact the performance of RF components, necessitating compensation techniques.
  • The demand for high-frequency, efficient, and compact beamformers is growing for 5G and satellite applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a K-band four-channel phased array beamformer with integrated temperature compensation.
  • To evaluate the performance of the beamformer in both receive and transmit modes across a wide temperature range.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of implementing such a beamformer in a standard 65 nm CMOS process.

Main Methods:

  • Design and fabrication of a four-channel phased array beamformer using 65 nm CMOS technology.
  • Integration of temperature compensation circuits, including attenuators (TCAs), within each RF channel.
  • Characterization of the beamformer's performance, including gain, noise figure (NF), phase error, gain error, and output power (OP1dB) under varying temperatures (-55 °C to 85 °C).

Main Results:

  • The beamformer achieved a receive gain of 0-4.5 dB, NF < 7.8 dB, RMS phase error < 3.5°, and RMS gain error < 0.4 dB (19-23 GHz).
  • Transmit mode performance included a gain range of 6-10 dB, RMS phase error < 3.4°, RMS gain error < 0.25 dB, and OP1dB > 6.5 dBm (21-23 GHz).
  • Gain variations remained within 0.8 dB (receive) and 0.4 dB (transmit) across the tested temperature range, showcasing effective temperature compensation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed K-band phased array beamformer offers stable and reliable performance over a wide temperature range, suitable for demanding 5G and satellite communication systems.
  • The integrated temperature compensation effectively mitigates performance degradation due to temperature fluctuations.
  • The compact design and low power consumption (110 mW receive, 190 mW transmit per channel) make it a viable solution for space-constrained applications.