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Three-Dimensional Surveying with Optical Sensors in Heritage Science: A Review
Emma Vannini1,2,3, Alice Dal Fovo1, Raffaella Fontana1
1National Research Council-National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Firenze, Tuscany, Italy.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 4, 2026
Summary
This review guides selecting non-invasive 3D surveying techniques for cultural heritage documentation. It evaluates technologies for artworks, focusing on resolution, cost, and acquisition time for optimal digitization.
Area of Science:
- Archaeometry
- Digital Heritage
- Conservation Science
Background:
- Cultural heritage documentation increasingly relies on advanced 3D surveying techniques.
- The unique nature of artworks necessitates non-invasive and flexible documentation methods.
- A wide array of 3D technologies offers multiscale diagnostic capabilities for cultural assets.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of adopted 3D surveying techniques for cultural heritage.
- To offer practical guidance on selecting appropriate methods for 3D artwork documentation.
- To evaluate the state-of-the-art in 3D technologies for heritage digitization.
Main Methods:
- Review and analysis of current 3D surveying technologies.
- Evaluation of techniques based on non-invasiveness and instrument flexibility.
- Assessment of performance metrics including resolution, acquisition time, and cost.
Main Results:
- Identification of the most effective 3D technologies for documenting artistic sites and objects.
- Detailed comparison of advantages and limitations of various 3D surveying systems.
- Exploration of integrated 3D methods combined with other analytical techniques.
Conclusions:
- Selection criteria for 3D heritage documentation prioritize non-invasiveness and flexibility.
- Understanding the performance characteristics of each 3D technique is crucial for heritage applications.
- Recent studies inform the optimal approaches for digitizing real-world cultural heritage assets.
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