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Infrared Small Target Detection Method Fusing Accurate Registration and Weighted Difference.

Quan Liang^1,2, Teng Wang^1,2, Kefang Wang^1,2

¹Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 4, 2026

Summary

This study introduces a novel infrared small target detection method for low-orbit imaging, significantly improving accuracy by fusing precise registration and weighted difference techniques for enhanced aerial surveillance.

Keywords:

bidirectional whisk-broom imaging small target detection space-based thermal infrared remote sensing sub-pixel registration

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Area of Science:

Remote Sensing
Image Processing
Aerospace Engineering

Background:

Low-orbit thermal infrared imaging provides wide coverage and high resolution for monitoring moving targets like aircraft.
Geometric distortion and radiometric inconsistency in bidirectional whisk-broom scans create clutter, hindering small target detection.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an advanced infrared small target detection method addressing geometric and radiometric inconsistencies in low-orbit imaging.
To enhance the detection of small and weak targets obscured by clutter in thermal infrared data.

Main Methods:

A hybrid multi-scale registration algorithm combining sparse feature matching and iterative deformation correction.
A multi-scale weighted convolutional morphological difference algorithm incorporating a dual-structure hollow top-hat transform and multi-directional convolution.
Accurate background estimation and suppression of anisotropic edge clutter.

Main Results:

Achieved a registration error of 0.3281 pixels.
Demonstrated a Signal-to-Clutter Ratio Gain (SCRG) of 18.27 and a 91.2% detection rate at a 0.15% false alarm rate on SDGSAT-1 data.
Outperformed existing competing algorithms in space-based aerial moving target detection.

Conclusions:

The proposed method effectively mitigates distortion and inconsistency issues in thermal infrared bidirectional whisk-broom imaging.
This technique significantly enhances small and weak target detection capabilities for space-based aerial surveillance.
Provides a valuable reference for future developments in moving target detection from space.