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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays
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A Systematic Review of Kernel-Level Security Mechanisms, Vulnerability Detection and Mitigation in Modern Operating

Zeeshan Ali1, Naeem Aslam2, Andrea Marotta1

  • 1Department of Information Engineering Computer Science and Mathematics, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This review examines operating system kernel security, identifying key attack vectors like memory corruption and privilege escalation. It highlights defense mechanisms and promising future directions for robust OS protection.

Keywords:
exploit mitigationkernel integritykernel securityoperating systemssecure bootvulnerability detection

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Cybersecurity
  • Operating Systems

Background:

  • Kernel attacks pose severe threats to modern operating systems due to the kernel's privileged control.
  • Vulnerabilities in the kernel can lead to system compromise, impacting hardware, memory, and process management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review kernel-level security mechanisms for vulnerability detection, prevention, and exploitation mitigation.
  • To identify predominant kernel attack vectors and assess current protection and detection techniques.
  • To explore emerging research directions in operating system kernel security.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology.
  • Analysis of 30 high-quality, peer-reviewed studies using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) quality framework.
  • Discussion guided by three central research questions on attack vectors, current defenses, and future research.

Main Results:

  • Principal kernel compromise sources include memory corruption, privilege escalation, rootkits, and race condition exploits.
  • Identified kernel hardening techniques: Mandatory Access Control (MAC), SELinux, AppArmor, integrity monitoring, secure boot, fuzz testing, and hardware-assisted protection.
  • Promising proactive defenses against zero-day vulnerabilities include machine learning-based detection and live kernel patching.

Conclusions:

  • Scalability, detection accuracy, and security in containerized/virtualized environments remain challenges.
  • The study provides a structured synthesis of current kernel security research.
  • Offers guidance for developing robust, adaptive, and novel operating system defense mechanisms.