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Advanced Sensing and Delivery Technologies for Nose-to-Brain Administration: From Nanocarriers to Sensor-Integrated
Xiaoxue Liu1, Ruoqi Chen1, Fan Wu1
1Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Technology and Advanced Medical Instrument and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
None:
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders represent a growing healthcare burden, and various drugs are developed for their treatment. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents over 98% of therapeutics from reaching brain tissue. Intranasal delivery provides a promising alternative by exploiting olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways to circumvent the BBB. This review surveys recent advances in nose-to-brain delivery technologies, from carrier design to evaluation methods. Polymeric and lipid-based nanocarriers show enhanced mucosal penetration and prolonged residence time, and microneedle platforms further enable controlled drug release with minimal discomfort. To evaluate these delivery strategies, sensor-integrated organ-on-chip models provide more physiologically relevant testing than static cultures. Although persistent challenges such as rapid mucociliary clearance and formulation stability remain, combining nanotechnology with microfluidic devices and computational modeling shows potential for developing patient-specific therapeutics.
