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Normal and Tangetial Components: Problem Solving01:24

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Consider a man with a mass of 70 kg seated in a chair connected to a pin support through a member BC. If the man maintains an upright position, the task is to determine the horizontal and vertical reactions of the chair on the man when the member makes a 45° angle with the horizontal. At this moment, the man has a speed of 5 m/s, increasing at a rate of 1 m/s².
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A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
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Tissue-Level Neck Response in Rotary-Wing Aircrew With Head-Supported Mass Assessed With Finite Element Model.

Prasannaah Hadagali1, Steven L Fischer2, Jack P Callaghan2

  • 1Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Head-supported mass (HSM) from helmets and night vision goggles (NVG) significantly increases neck tissue loads in rotary-wing aircrew (RWA). Adding NVG and counterweights amplified these tissue stresses and strains more than helmets alone.

Keywords:
finite element head–neck modelhead‐supported massimplications for disc degenerationneck pain riskrotary‐wing aircrewtissue‐level strain

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Occupational Health
  • Aerospace Medicine

Background:

  • Rotary-wing aircrew (RWA) experience high rates of neck pain.
  • Head-supported mass (HSM), including helmets and night vision goggles (NVG), is a contributing factor.
  • Previous research has not quantified the tissue-level effects of HSM on the neck.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the tissue-level biomechanical response of the human head-neck (HN) complex to varying levels of HSM.
  • To investigate the impact of helmet, NVG, and counterweight on endplate stresses and annulus fibrosus (AF) fiber strains.

Main Methods:

  • A detailed human finite element head-neck (HN) model was utilized.
  • Simulations included non-neutral HN positions with activated neck muscles.
  • Three conditions were simulated: baseline, helmet addition, and helmet with NVG and counterweight, under flexion and combined movements.

Main Results:

  • Adding a helmet increased endplate stresses by 17% and AF fiber strains by 4%.
  • Including NVG and counterweight further increased endplate stresses by 24% and AF fiber strains by 12%.
  • Combined head-neck positions with NVG and counterweight showed additional increases in stresses and strains.

Conclusions:

  • HSM significantly elevates tissue-level loads in the human neck.
  • The addition of NVG and counterweight has a more pronounced effect than the helmet alone.
  • Findings can inform the design of future systems to mitigate neck pain in RWA.