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    Area of Science:

    • History of Science
    • Postcolonial Studies
    • Intellectual History

    Background:

    • The conceptualization of "race" by Indian intellectuals during British rule is an under-researched area.
    • Existing scholarship has not fully explored the nuanced ways "race" was invoked in anti-colonial discourse.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze how elite Indian intellectuals conceptualized "race" in late British India.
    • To demonstrate the strategic and hierarchical invocation of racial solidarities.
    • To examine the influence of civilizational hierarchies and imperial ideologies on Afro-Asian solidarity.

    Main Methods:

    • Close reading of political essays by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, specifically "The People of Africa" and "The Awakening of Asia."
    • Analysis of anti-imperialist discourse and its engagement with concepts of race, caste, and oppression.
    • Historical contextualization within the pre-Bandung era.

    Main Results:

    • Indian intellectuals employed "race" in ambiguous and hierarchical ways, comparing it to caste and shared oppression.
    • Racial concepts were also used to advocate for transcending differences through humanist cosmopolitanism.
    • Assumed progressive Afro-Asian solidarities were underpinned by civilizational hierarchies and imperial notions of "geopolitical tutelage."

    Conclusions:

    • The study reveals the complex and strategic use of racial thought by Indian intellectuals.
    • It highlights how imperial frameworks influenced anti-colonial ideas of solidarity.
    • The findings offer new insights into the intellectual underpinnings of pre-Bandung Afro-Asian relations.