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Feline hippocampal necrosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: A review of current literature and definitions

Rachel Victoria Hall1, Alexandros Chardas2, Marta Plonek3

  • 1Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom; The Ralph Veterinary Referral Centre, United Kingdom.

Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997)
|May 4, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Feline Hippocampal Necrosis (FHN) is a brain condition in cats, often linked to immune system issues and seizures. This review covers its features, causes, and treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Neurology
  • Pathology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Feline Hippocampal Necrosis (FHN) is a histopathological diagnosis characterized by neuronal necrosis in the hippocampus.
  • FHN is often confused with Hippocampal Sclerosis (HS).
  • FHN is a common endpoint for various conditions, including neoplasia, vascular disease, and autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the histopathological features of FHN.
  • To review the relationship between FHN and HS.
  • To summarize presentations, aetiologies, imaging, treatment, and outcomes of FHN in cats.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of FHN and HS in domestic cats.
  • Analysis of histopathological findings.
  • Synthesis of clinical data, including seizures and temporal lobe epilepsy.

Main Results:

  • FHN involves significant neuronal death primarily in the hippocampus.
  • Autoimmunity, particularly anti-LGI1 antibodies, is a key cause of FHN, leading to limbic encephalitis.
  • Affected cats frequently exhibit seizures indicative of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Conclusions:

  • FHN is a complex neurological endpoint with diverse underlying causes.
  • Autoimmune FHN, associated with anti-LGI1 antibodies, is a significant and treatable form.
  • Understanding FHN's varied presentations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management in cats.

Keywords:
Feline hippocampal necrosisHippocampal sclerosisLeucine-rich glioma-inactivated-1Limbic encephalitisMesial temporal lobe epilepsyNeuropathologyTemporal lobe epilepsy

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