Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in macrophage activation and polarization

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway is a central component of the innate immune system. It primarily senses cytosolic double-stranded DNA and initiates immune responses against pathogen infection and cellular damage. Recent studies have revealed its critical role in macrophage activation, polarization, and functional regulation. Macrophages are key immune cells with high plasticity; they can polarize into pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory and reparative M2 phenotypes under different microenvironmental signals. This polarization influences various pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, tissue repair, fibrosis, and cancer. This review systematically summarizes the central role and molecular mechanisms of cGAS-STING signaling in macrophage polarization and activation. It further explores the interplay between this pathway and cellular processes such as pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy. Current technical challenges and biological complexities are analyzed. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway and their clinical prospects are also discussed. The article highlights the dual role of cGAS-STING signaling in macrophage function-it acts as both a guardian of immune defense and a driver of inflammatory imbalance under pathological conditions. Precise regulation of this pathway is crucial for developing novel immunotherapies. This review also provides multi-dimensional perspectives on future research directions.