Management of myopia: a mini-review

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Pediatric Optometry
• Myopia Control Research

Background:

• Myopia is a growing global health concern, particularly in East Asia.
• Axial elongation drives myopia, increasing risks for serious eye conditions.
• Managing myopia in children is complex due to diverse treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current evidence on delaying myopia onset in children.
• To synthesize data on strategies for slowing myopia progression.
• To provide guidance for pediatric myopia management.

Main Methods:

• Conducted a narrative review of English-language studies (2015-2025) and seminal prior trials.
• Included randomized trials, comparative studies, systematic reviews, and guidelines.
• Focused on participants under 18 years, analyzing refractive error and axial length (AL).

Main Results:

• Increased outdoor time consistently reduces myopia incidence and progression.
• Optical interventions (DIMS, dual-focus contacts) are effective vs. single-vision correction.
• Low-dose atropine and orthokeratology show efficacy, with combination therapies potentially enhancing outcomes.
• Red-light therapy shows promise but requires further research on safety and efficacy.

Conclusions:

• A risk-stratified approach combining outdoor time with optical/pharmacological therapy is recommended.
• Future research needs head-to-head trials, longer follow-up, diverse populations, and standardized safety standards.
• Evidence supports integrating lifestyle modifications with advanced treatments for comprehensive myopia management.