Evolution of the Morbidity and Mortality Conference in Surgery: From Codman to Contemporary Practice

Area of Science:

• Surgical Education and Patient Safety Science

Background:

• The morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference is a long-standing surgical tradition.
• It originated from efforts to track outcomes and enhance hospital efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the historical evolution of the M&M conference.
• To examine its adaptation to advancements in surgical education, quality improvement, and patient safety.

Main Methods:

• Historical review tracing M&M from Ernest Codman's system.
• Analysis of cultural shifts towards systems-based learning.
• Examination of influences from patient safety, educational theory, and human factors.

Main Results:

• M&M conferences have evolved significantly over time.
• Contemporary approaches include data analytics, multidisciplinary input, and technology.
• Challenges persist, including underreporting and medicolegal issues.

Conclusions:

• The fundamental goal of M&M conferences is honest reflection to enhance surgical care.
• Continuous improvement in surgical safety and quality remains the central objective.
• Future opportunities exist to further strengthen M&M's role in quality improvement.