Multivalent nanoparticles activate T-dependent antibody response via antigen presentation by both B cells and
Xuejing Ma1, Chang Guo2, Runhan Li2
1State Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
None:
Multivalent nanoparticle vaccines elicit potent T cell-dependent (TD) antibody responses, yet how they initiate CD4+ T cell help remains unclear. Here, we show that antigen-specific B cells function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for CD4+ T cell priming across distinct nanoparticle platforms, including AP205 and ferritin. Using SARS-CoV-2 RBD and mpox virus A35 antigens, we demonstrate that B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) act redundantly to initiate early CD4+ T cell activation. In hosts lacking MHC class II expression on non-B cells, B cells alone were sufficient to drive naive CD4+ T cell proliferation. Moreover, B cell-mediated antigen presentation was required for inducing TD responses beyond the draining lymph nodes. These findings reveal a general mechanism by which multivalent nanoparticles engage B cells as APCs and highlight a potential strategy to enhance vaccine-induced immunity.
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