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A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

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Attention in the wild: balancing flexibility and stability.

Maëlle Lerebourg¹, Surya Gayet², Floris P de Lange¹

¹Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

|May 5, 2026

Summary

Attentional templates guide visual search. This study explores whether these templates adapt to changing environments or remain stable for efficient real-world object detection.

Keywords:

attentional template cognitive control naturalistic vision scene context top-down attention visual search

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Visual Perception

Background:

Attentional templates are internal representations guiding visual search for targets.
Previous research focused on simple targets in controlled environments.
Real-world search involves variable targets in complex, dynamic scenes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how attentional templates function in complex, real-world visual search.
To compare the efficacy of flexible versus stable attentional templates.
To understand the balance between template adaptation and generalization for efficient attention.

Main Methods:

Review of existing behavioral studies on attentional templates.
Analysis of neuroimaging evidence related to visual search and attention.
Theoretical consideration of template flexibility and stability.

Main Results:

Evidence supports both flexible, context-adaptive templates and stable, generalizable templates.
The optimal strategy involves balancing the costs and benefits of template adaptation.
Efficient attention in complex environments likely utilizes a combination of strategies.

Conclusions:

Attentional template mechanisms must accommodate real-world visual complexity.
Balancing adaptation and generalization is key for effective visual search.
Future research should explore the dynamic interplay of these template types.