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Randomized Experiments01:13

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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
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The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
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Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...
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Updated: May 7, 2026

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RETURN Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Adult Routine Dental Visits.

R V Harris1, V Lowers1, J Green1

  • 1University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.

Journal of Dental Research
|May 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The RETURN intervention, a nurse-led program, showed small benefits in increasing planned dental visits and improving oral health for disadvantaged adults. It significantly boosted attempts to schedule routine appointments, supporting behavioral support integration.

Keywords:
Healthcare disparitiesbehavioral sciencesclinical trialdental health servicesdentitionemergency medical services

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Behavioral Science
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Low socioeconomic status is linked to reduced planned dental visits, despite routine care preventing caries and tooth loss.
  • Behavioral interventions in urgent dental settings may reduce health inequalities.
  • The RETURN intervention was developed to address these issues through nurse-led conversations and support materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of the RETURN intervention in increasing planned dental visits.
  • To assess the intervention's impact on oral health outcomes and dental anxiety.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial involving 1,176 adults attending urgent dental services.
  • Intervention group received nurse-led support (videos, booklets, goal-setting); control group received usual care.
  • Co-primary outcomes: planned dental visits (BSA data) and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) scores at 12 months.

Main Results:

  • RETURN participants showed a 20% greater odds of planned care (OR=1.21, P=0.217) but this was not statistically significant.
  • Both groups improved in OHIP scores; RETURN showed a significant reduction in dental anxiety (P=0.027).
  • RETURN significantly increased attempts to make appointments, with odds increasing over time (18 months: OR=3.39, P=0.0001).

Conclusions:

  • The RETURN intervention demonstrated small, consistent benefits for routine visits, oral health, and dental anxiety, even with limited service availability.
  • The intervention significantly increased attempts to schedule routine dental appointments in a disadvantaged population.
  • Integrating behavioral support with service reforms can aid transitions to continuing care and optimize resource use.