Rare earth ion transport and selectivity in large diameter nanotube porins

Selective separation of rare earth elements (REEs) in nanoporous media is very challenging due to the similar physicochemical properties of lanthanide ions. In this work, we systematically investigate the transport and selectivity of REE³⁺ ions through two model nanofluidic channels: 1.5 nm diameter carbon nanotube porins (wCNTPs) and 2.1 nm diameter boron nitride nanotube porins (BNNTPs). Using a fluorescence-based vesicle assay, we find that wCNTPs show almost no differential selectivity across the lanthanide series, a behavior consistent with bulk-dominant transport through their moderately-confined channels with chemically inert, hydrophobic walls. In contrast, BNNTPs exhibit nearly an order of magnitude higher permeability and mild differential selectivity, following a volcano-shaped trend with Eu³⁺ ions showing the highest permeability. We attribute this enhanced performance to the high negative surface charge of BNNTPs, which facilitates a surface-dominated transport mechanism where ion migration within the electric double layer becomes the primary contributor to ion transport. These results elucidate the distinct roles of surface charge in nanoscale confinement and provide critical design rules for the development of future membranes tailored for efficient REE separations.