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Related Concept Videos

Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

The Synergistic Effect of Visible Light and Gentamycin on Pseudomona aeruginosa Microorganisms
05:57

The Synergistic Effect of Visible Light and Gentamycin on Pseudomona aeruginosa Microorganisms

Published on: July 2, 2013

A dual-pronged strategy for bacterial keratitis: ROS-responsive hydrogel eye drops enabling potent deep-tissue

Yanan Wang1, Zhuorui Dong2,3, Haochen Yao4

  • 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.

Bioactive Materials
|May 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces novel hydrogel eyedrops that deliver antibiotics deep into the cornea while reducing inflammation. This dual-action approach effectively treats bacterial keratitis and preserves corneal structure.

Keywords:
Bacterial keratitisCorneal biomechanicsHMGB1-mediated inflammationNETs modulationROS-responsive hydrogel

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

The Synergistic Effect of Visible Light and Gentamycin on Pseudomona aeruginosa Microorganisms
05:57

The Synergistic Effect of Visible Light and Gentamycin on Pseudomona aeruginosa Microorganisms

Published on: July 2, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Materials Science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Bacterial keratitis treatment is limited by poor drug delivery and inflammation.
  • High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein amplifies neutrophil-driven inflammation in the eye.
  • Current therapies struggle to achieve deep corneal drug penetration and control inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive hydrogel eyedrop (TPG@OC) for enhanced bacterial keratitis treatment.
  • To integrate deep corneal antibacterial delivery with immune microenvironment modulation.
  • To investigate the therapeutic potential of TPG@OC in preclinical keratitis models.

Main Methods:

  • Functionalized poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel with glycyrrhizin acid to neutralize HMGB1.
  • Loaded cornea-penetrating poly (2- (N-oxide-N, N-diethylamino)) ethyl methacrylate (OPDEA) micelles with ciprofloxacin (OC).
  • Evaluated TPG@OC in murine and rabbit bacterial keratitis models, assessing antibacterial efficacy, anti-inflammatory effects, and corneal biomechanics.

Main Results:

  • TPG@OC demonstrated prolonged ocular retention, enhanced corneal penetration, and potent antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • The hydrogel effectively suppressed ROS accumulation, neutrophil infiltration, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
  • TPG@OC treatment preserved corneal biomechanical stability, reducing stromal thickening and deformation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed hydrogel platform offers a dual strategy for infectious keratitis by combining deep antimicrobial delivery with HMGB1-targeted immunoregulation.
  • TPG@OC preserves corneal transparency and biomechanical integrity, presenting a promising materials-based therapeutic approach.
  • This study highlights the potential of targeted immunomodulation alongside antimicrobial delivery for treating complex ocular infections.