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Non-thermal plasma for dental zirconia surface modification: a narrative review
Ming Luo1, Zhixin Liu1, Xiaoyu Hu1
1Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China.
Objectives:
Zirconia surface inertness causes insufficient bonding with resin cement, limited osseointegration, and challenging oral repair and implantation. This review explores nonthermal plasma (NTP)-mediated surface modification to enhance resin bond strength and improve osseointegration by regulating the physicochemical properties of zirconia.
Data And Sources:
This narrative review was conducted in accordance with the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA). Relevant studies were identified through electronic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases.
Study Selection:
Search terms included "non-thermal plasma" OR "cold atmospheric plasma" AND "zirconia" AND "bond strength" OR "surface modification" OR "biocompatibility". Studies investigating the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological effects of NTP on zirconia were included after applying predefined inclusion criteria.
Conclusions:
NTP enhances zirconia-resin adhesion by optimizing surface chemistry and wettability without inducing phase transformations. However, long-term stability requires hybrid strategies that integrate mechanical abrasion, chemical primers, and plasma activation. Future efforts must standardize NTP parameters, such as gas type, power, and duration, and validate clinical protocols using aging-resistant designs and randomized trials.
Clinical Significance:
NTP surface modification may offer a clinically relevant adjunct to conventional zirconia pretreatment methods by improving surface reactivity and bonding performance, with potential implications for enhancing the longevity of zirconia-based restorations.
