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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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A Metric Test for Assessing Spatial Working Memory in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury
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How Sex and Gender Differences Influence Functional Recovery in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic

Raffaela Maione1, Maria Grazia Maggio, Rosaria De Luca

  • 1Author Affiliations: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy (Maione, Maggio, De Luca, Corallo, Calapai, Quartarone, Calabrò); IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy (Lago, Zago, Arcara); and University Of Padua, Padova, Italy (Lago, Arcara).

The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex and gender significantly influence recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). While females show better cognitive and social recovery, gender factors may affect access to rehabilitation, highlighting the need for tailored approaches.

Keywords:
emotional outcomesneurorehabilitationrehabilitationsex and gender differencestraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects individuals differently based on biological sex and social gender.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing rehabilitation strategies.
  • Current research has primarily focused on sex-based disparities, with limited exploration of gender's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing literature on how sex differences and gender-related factors impact rehabilitation outcomes in TBI patients.
  • To identify gaps in knowledge regarding sex- and gender-specific rehabilitation needs.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines, including RCTs and observational studies from 2020-2025.
  • Searched for studies explicitly analyzing sex- and/or gender-related differences in response to TBI rehabilitation interventions.
  • Outcomes assessed included cognitive, motor, emotional, functional, and social recovery.

Main Results:

  • Six studies met inclusion criteria, predominantly reporting sex-based differences.
  • Females (sex: female) exhibited enhanced cognitive and social recovery, potentially due to hormonal factors.
  • Females also reported higher anxiety and persistent postconcussive symptoms. One study linked feminine gender traits to reduced rehabilitation access.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence suggests both sex and gender significantly influence TBI rehabilitation outcomes.
  • Integrating sex- and gender-sensitive strategies can improve equity and personalize recovery.
  • Further research with standardized, gender-inclusive protocols is essential to address disparities and optimize neurorehabilitation.