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Related Concept Videos

Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Modifications Distribution using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Method in Magnaporthe oryzae
09:25

Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Modifications Distribution using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Method in Magnaporthe oryzae

Published on: June 2, 2021

Population-level Variability in Genome-wide Repressive Histone Marks in a Fungal Wheat Pathogen.

Leen Nanchira Abraham1, Ana Margarida Sampaio1, Suhani Bhattacharyya1

  • 1Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland.

Genome Biology and Evolution
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals epigenetic variation within the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Histone methylation differences, particularly H3K27me3, are linked to transposable elements and gene expression, impacting pathogen adaptation.

Keywords:
comparative genomicsepigenomicsfungihistone methylation

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions
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Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions

Published on: September 30, 2016

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Modifications Distribution using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Method in Magnaporthe oryzae
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions
11:42

Genetic Manipulation of the Plant Pathogen Ustilago maydis to Study Fungal Biology and Plant Microbe Interactions

Published on: September 30, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Epigenetics
  • Fungal genomics

Background:

  • Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression and pathogen adaptation.
  • Virulence gene expression in plant pathogens is epigenetically controlled.
  • Intra-species epigenetic variation in pathogens is largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate intra-species epigenetic variation in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici.
  • To establish histone methylation profiles (H3K27me3) for multiple isolates.
  • To explore the role of epigenetic variation in pathogen adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of histone methylation mark H3K27me3 profiles.
  • Genomic analysis of 45 Zymoseptoria tritici isolates.
  • Correlation of H3K27me3 coverage with transposable elements and gene expression.

Main Results:

  • H3K27me3 coverage increased in transposable element-rich regions, influenced by retrotransposons.
  • Nearly 20% of genes showed H3K27me3 variation within the population, correlating with gene expression variation.
  • Effector genes and gene clusters exhibited higher H3K27me3 variation.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides novel insights into intra-species epigenetic variation in a fungal pathogen.
  • Epigenetic variation, particularly H3K27me3, contributes to Zymoseptoria tritici adaptation.
  • Findings open new avenues for studying epigenetic mechanisms in pathogen evolution.