Bladder mass following bone marrow transplant for sickle cell disease: A diagnostic dilemma

Hematuria is a common sign of kidney and urinary tract issues in sickle cell disease (SCD). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can cure SCD but may also be complicated by conditions that cause hematuria. We report a case of painless hematuria caused by a bladder mass in a young woman after allogeneic HSCT for SCD. Further evaluation showed a friable pseudotumor of the bladder, which was deemed benign based on histological examination. The hematuria resolved with continuous bladder irrigation and cauterization of the bleeding mass. This case highlights that hematuria can originate from hidden pre-existing bladder lesions in the post-transplant setting.