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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Balancing Redox Equations02:58

Balancing Redox Equations

Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...

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Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers
07:17

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers

Published on: November 21, 2011

A Catalytic Osmium Redox Couple Collapses Cancer Redox Balance.

Wan-Qiong Huang1, Tao Huang2, Yiming Hao3

  • 1Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Novel osmium complexes create a redox cycle that boosts reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depletes antioxidants in tumor cells, leading to cancer cell death and enhanced immune response.

Keywords:
bioinorganic chemistryimmunochemotherapyosmiumreactive oxygen speciesredox catalysis

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Assessment of Cellular Oxidation using a Subcellular Compartment-Specific Redox-Sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein
06:10

Assessment of Cellular Oxidation using a Subcellular Compartment-Specific Redox-Sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein

Published on: June 18, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Disrupting tumor cell redox balance by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing antioxidants is a key chemotherapy strategy.
  • Osmium complexes offer potential for targeted cancer therapy due to their unique redox properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize an isolable, interconvertible osmium redox pair for cancer therapy.
  • To investigate the dual-mode catalytic activity of the osmium redox cycle in disrupting tumor cell redox homeostasis.
  • To evaluate the in vivo efficacy and immunomodulatory effects of the osmium complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of trans-[Os(III)(NHPPh3)(L)(4-Me2Npy)]+ and trans-[Os(IV)(NHPPh3)(L)(4-Me2Npy)]2+ osmium redox pair.
  • In vitro studies on the catalytic activity of the Os(III)/Os(IV) cycle in H2O2 activation and GSH oxidation.
  • In vivo studies assessing tumor growth inhibition, tolerability, and antitumor immune responses.

Main Results:

  • The Os(III)/Os(IV) redox cycle demonstrated dual-mode catalysis: Os(III) generated hydroxyl radicals via Fenton-like reactions, while Os(IV) oxidized GSH to GSSG, regenerating Os(III).
  • This redox cycling disrupted cellular redox homeostasis, inducing apoptosis and ferroptosis, and exhibiting features of immunogenic cell death.
  • In vivo administration of Os(III) and Os(IV) complexes inhibited tumor growth with good tolerability and enhanced antitumor immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Redox-cycling osmium complexes represent a promising strategy for targeting cancer's redox vulnerabilities.
  • These findings support the exploration of redox-cycling metal complexes in combination with immunotherapy for enhanced cancer treatment.