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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...

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Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
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Published on: September 16, 2025

Update on topography and tomography for refractive surgery.

Victoria Moreira Fernandes1, Cameron McGlone, Karen Brian Fernandez

  • 1Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Storm Eye Institute (SEI), Charleston, South Carolina, USA.

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in corneal topography and tomography enhance refractive surgery safety and predictability. Integrating artificial intelligence and 3D mapping improves early detection of eye conditions and personalized surgical planning for better outcomes.

Keywords:
anterior optical coherence tomographycorneal refractive surgerycorneal topographyphakic intraocular lensrefractive cataract surgery

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

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Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Background:

  • Corneal topography and tomography are crucial for refractive surgery planning.
  • Early detection of corneal abnormalities is essential for surgical safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review recent advances in corneal topography and anterior segment tomography.
  • Highlight technological innovations and AI integration in refractive surgery.
  • Summarize clinical applications for screening, planning, and optimizing outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.
  • Analysis of articles published within the last 18 months.
  • Focus on Placido-based topography, Scheimpflug imaging, and SS-ASOCT.

Main Results:

  • Innovations improve subclinical keratoconus detection and corneal biomechanics evaluation.
  • 3D mapping, epithelial profiling, and AI analysis enhance diagnostic accuracy and safety.
  • Earlier detection of at-risk corneas and better prediction of postoperative stability are enabled.

Conclusions:

  • Topography and tomography advancements increase refractive surgery safety and predictability.
  • Multimodal imaging and AI diagnostics transform preoperative assessment and postoperative care.
  • Personalized and reliable visual outcomes are achieved through these technologies.