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Formation of Complex Ions

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...

Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Ionic Association

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Synergistic Dual Electrolyte Additives Enhancing the Interface Stability of Li₃VO₄/C Anodes.

Shuhan Zhang^1,2, Zhiyuan Zhang², Huan Wu²

¹Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, P. R. China.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids

|May 8, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed a dual-additive electrolyte for lithium vanadium oxide (LVO) anodes, enhancing stability and ion transport. This improves lithium-ion battery performance and longevity.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

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Published on: December 20, 2016

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Energy Storage

Background:

Lithium vanadium oxide (LVO) anodes face challenges in lithium-ion batteries due to unstable electrode-electrolyte interfaces and slow ion transport.
These issues lead to electrolyte consumption, structural degradation, and poor rate performance, hindering practical application.

Purpose of the Study:

To overcome the limitations of LVO anodes by designing a synergistic electrolyte system.
To improve the stability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and enhance lithium-ion transport kinetics.

Main Methods:

Developed a dual-additive electrolyte system using LiPO2F2 (LiDFP) salt and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) solvent.
Paired the electrolyte with carbon-coated LVO nanosheet (LVO/C) anodes.
Analyzed the formation and properties of the SEI layer and electrode performance.

Main Results:

The tailored electrolyte promoted a robust, ion-conductive organic-inorganic hybrid SEI layer.
The stable SEI effectively reduced interfacial resistance and facilitated rapid Li+ transport.
The LVO/C electrode exhibited a high reversible capacity (667.8 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1) and excellent cyclability (91.3% retention after 2000 cycles at 4.0 A g-1).

Conclusions:

Dual-additive electrolyte strategies are effective for enhancing the performance of LVO anodes.
The developed electrolyte system significantly improves the stability and ion transport of LVO-based lithium-ion batteries.
This work paves the way for advanced lithium-ion battery applications using high-performance LVO anodes.