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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Vacuum-Sealed Hot Water Bath Immersion for the Preparation of Anatomical and Surgical Cadaveric Bone Models
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Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills in Mastoidectomy Using 3D-Printed Temporal Bones.

Vanessa Helou1, Lucien Khalil1, Philip L Perez1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

The Laryngoscope
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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Three-dimensional (3D) printed temporal bone models provide a reliable method for assessing mastoidectomy skills in otolaryngology residents. Performance improves with training level, supporting competency-based surgical education.

Area of Science:

  • Surgical Education
  • Medical Simulation
  • Otology & Neurotology

Background:

  • Objective assessment of surgical skills is crucial for resident training.
  • Traditional methods may lack standardization and objectivity.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers a novel approach to surgical simulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate 3D-printed temporal bone models as an objective tool for assessing mastoidectomy technical skills.
  • To analyze performance across different levels of otolaryngology residency training.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study involving 32 otolaryngology residents performing 64 mastoidectomies on 3D-printed temporal bone models.
  • Independent, anonymous evaluation of each performance using a validated 14-item final product analysis checklist.
Keywords:
3D‐printed temporal boneOSATScompetency‐based medical educationmastoidectomyotolaryngology training

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  • Statistical analysis including linear regression, ANOVA, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter-rater reliability.

    • Main Results:

    • Median performance scores significantly improved with resident training level (PGY1 to PGY5).
    • Senior residents (PGY 4-5) significantly outperformed junior residents (PGY 1-3).
    • Excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.9210) was achieved, and a proficiency cutoff score of 45/70 was established.

    Conclusions:

    • 3D-printed temporal bone models with final product analysis provide a fair, objective, and reliable assessment tool.
    • This method supports formative and summative evaluations and competency-based surgical education.
    • Longitudinal tracking of skill improvement is facilitated, differentiating performance across training levels.