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Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for hire...
Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation01:21

Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation

Affiliation motivation is the intrinsic desire to connect with others and belong to a social group, which plays a crucial role in forming and maintaining personal relationships. This type of motivation is essential for psychological well-being, as it provides individuals with a sense of community and support. An example of this is a student who joins a study group in order to feel a sense of connection. People with high affiliation motivation actively seek social approval, take satisfaction in...
Bullying02:04

Bullying

A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is bullying.
Hazan and Shaver's Attachment Styles01:28

Hazan and Shaver's Attachment Styles

Attachment theory, developed initially to explain infant–caregiver bonds, has been extended to illuminate patterns of intimacy in adult romantic relationships. Psychologists Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver proposed that the attachment styles observed in infancy form a framework for how individuals approach emotional closeness and conflict in adulthood. These attachment styles—secure, avoidant, and anxious—are linked to enduring patterns of behavior and emotional regulation in adult relationships.
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance01:20

Frustration and Conflict: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance

Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
One common type of conflict is the Approach–Approach Conflict. In this case, a person faces two desirable options,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
09:12

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

Published on: July 4, 2013

Interpersonal threat reactivity differentiates reactive and proactive aggression.

Sophie L Kjærvik1, Nicholas D Thomson2

  • 1Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Norway.

Physiology & Behavior
|May 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adolescents with conduct disorder show distinct physiological and emotional responses linked to different aggression types. Reactive aggression correlates with higher physiological threat reactivity, while proactive aggression is tied to perceived control.

Keywords:
Conduct disorderProactive aggressionReactive aggressionSkin conductance reactivityVirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Adolescent Psychiatry

Background:

  • Conduct Disorder (CD) involves persistent antisocial behavior.
  • Emotional mechanisms behind aggression in CD are not fully understood.
  • Autonomic nervous system functioning is linked to antisocial behavior, but conflict responses are understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct physiological and emotional mechanisms underlying reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents with CD.
  • To examine sympathetic nervous system reactivity and subjective emotional responses during interpersonal threat.

Main Methods:

  • 234 adolescents (mean age 15.68, 67% male) participated.
  • Sympathetic nervous system reactivity measured via skin conductance responses (SCR).
  • Self-reported emotional responses (arousal, dominance, valence) assessed during a virtual reality interpersonal threat paradigm.

Main Results:

  • Higher SCR threat reactivity was associated with reactive aggression.
  • Greater self-reported dominance during threat correlated with proactive aggression.

Conclusions:

  • Reactive aggression in CD is linked to heightened physiological threat reactivity.
  • Proactive aggression in CD is associated with greater perceived control during threat.
  • Immersive VR is a valuable tool for studying aggression risk in adolescents.